The deep structure of this paper should demonstrate the thoughts of Paul & his Jewish messianic hope which was formulated in a period when Judaism and Christianity had not yet become distinct religions. The synthesis of the paper (or conclusion) should demonstrate how Paul''s understanding of Romans 13 provides hope for both Jews & Christians to discover strategies of resistance, reconciliation, and renewal in our world today. This paper should expouse the political theology of Paul (as expressed in Romans 13) and both evaulate and critique his polemic regarding, 1)his understanding of resistance, 2)the requirements for just war, and 3)the economic responsibility the followers of Christ have to political authorities (i.e., financial support for social order the state provides) This paper will also need to bring the following authors in dialogue (which are required texts for the class): The Writings of St. Paul, Second Edition, ed. Wayne Meeks & John Fitzgerald (New York: Norton, 2007). Giorgio Agamben, The Time That Remains: A Commentary on the Letter to the Romans (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2005) Alain Badiou, Saint Paul: The Foundation of Universalism (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003) Daniel Boyarin, A Radical Jew: Paul and the Politics of Identity (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1994) Jacob Taubes, The Political Theology of Paul (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004) Walter Benjamin, Illuminations (New York: Pimlico, 1999) Walter Benjamin, Reflections (New York: Schocken, 1986) Carl Schmitt, Political Theology: Four Chapters on the Concept of Sovereignty (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1988) The following are recommended sources: Martin Goodman, Rome & Jerusalem: The Clash of Ancient Civilizations (London: Allen Lane, 2007) Franz Rosenzweig, Philosophical and Theological Writings, trans. Paul W. Franks and Michael L. Morgan (Indianapolis: Hackett, 2000)