Public Administration Institute - Public Policy Administration I have some questions I like you to answer them from (Michael Howlett and M. Ramesh, Studying Public Policy: Policy Cycles and Subsystems) book. Each question should be thoroughly answered. The answers must refer to the class readings. It is important to provide and properly cite passages from the readings (Michael Howlett and M. Ramesh, Studying Public Policy: Policy Cycles and Subsystems) book. Please be sure to thoroughly answer all the components of each question. All papers should be double-spaced, Times New Roman text font, and have font size no larger than 12 point. Regards, A- REQUIRED QUESTION: (The Answer should be in 2 pages) 1. Select a policy issue that particularly interests you. The only requirement is that it be specific. For example, you may be interested in education but your policy project cannot just be “Education.” Rather, it might be “A Proposal to Enhance Accountability at Charter Schools.” Develop a policy brief that does the following things: a. Explains the policy objective b. Identifies and explores the key ideas and values inherent in the policy proposal c. Identifies the key individuals and institutions involved in the policy debate, and describes their positions d. Summarizes the politics of the issue e. Identifies and defends your recommended position on the issue Use theories from the readings to address this issue. B- Answer any TWO of the FOUR questions: (The answer should be in 1 page for each question) 1. What is the relevance of public policy theories and why do we need these theories? How can we apply these theories to further our understanding of the ways in which governments act? And how can we use this understanding to solve social problems? 2. Why is policy implementation important? Why is policy implementation difficult to accomplish? Which is better: top-down or bottom-up implementation process? Explain your answer. 3. What are the major elements in the public policymaking cycle and how do they interact? Explain the importance of the policy process drawing upon actors from a subset of members in the policy universe when formulation policies. 4. Why do just a small fraction of policy ideas actually make it onto political agendas? What is an important component of the agenda-setting process? What is the interaction between agenda-setting, problem definition, framing, and agenda denial and at various major theories on the policymaking process? C- Answer any ONE of the TWO questions (The Answer should be in 2 pages) 1. Discuss the idealized model of rational decision-making. What is the role of “bounded rationality” in the decision making process? Aside from rationalism, discuss at least two other decision-making processes. Are there any differences or similarities between the different models? 2. Why is policy evaluation important? How should a policy’s success or failure be measured? Is policy evaluation a subjective or objective exercise? In evaluating a policy, what is more important: efficiency or effectiveness? After what period of time following implementation should a policy be evaluated? Based on the reading, developed some tangible measures for evaluating the success or failure of the United States War in Iraq. Provide an explanation for the measures that you choose.